ECOFEMINISM Ecofeminism, is a term coined by French feminist Françoise d'Eaubonne in 1974. It is a branch of ecocriticism and feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. This philosophy examines the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal society. Ecofeminists cross-examine the effect of gender categories - the masculine; as objective, rational, and mind, and the feminine; as subjective, emotional and body - in order to demonstrate the ways in which man is equated with culture and woman with nature. For instance, the expression “mother nature” indicates the naturalization of woman and the feminization of nature, and illustrates how men dominate nature and women as if they are essentially exploitable objects. Ecofeminism can be classified into two: radical ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. Radical Ecofeminism One of its assumptions is that the dominant patriarchal so...
Cultural Studies Towards the end of 1990s Cultural Studies dominated the direction of literary criticism. Cultural studies try to understand the functioning of culture, particularly in the modern world, how cultural productions work and how cultural identities are constructed and organized . It is defined as an interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of culture. This is a form of contemporary practices, other than theory, consisting of the elements of Marxism, post structuralism, postmodernism, feminism, gender studies, anthropology, ethnic studies, Sociology, film theory and postcolonial Studies. The first known exponent of cultural studies in England is Raymond Williams. With the founding of The Birmingham Centre for contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS in 1964 by Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall, the new discipline officially emerges. ...
ECOCRITICISM In Cheryll Glotfelty’s words, Ecocriticism is ‘the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment'. It is an interdisciplinary project which analyzes how the environment is represented in literature. It examines how the human treats the nonhuman around them and investigates possible solutions for the current environmental crisis. While the American version is commonly designated as Ecocriticism, the British school is known as Green Studies. The beginning of Ecocriticism can be traced back in the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 against the ill-effects of agricultural and industrial toxic-residue. It was a wakeup call for action against the existing but inconsistent patterns of development. Critics considered that the first wave of Ecocriticism was forth with Deep ecology. It believes in the fundamental interconnectedness of all forms of life. It is an extreme...
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